Leadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership - 1570 Words

Leadership styles will vary in different situations for a coach. The same coach may have one style of leadership for different teams in the same sport depending on the players’ ages, nationalities, gender, and personalities (Weinberg Gould, 2015, p. 212-213). To recognize the consequences of leadership using Chelladurai’s model, the research to determine the type of leadership a coach should demonstrate for team satisfaction, should include satisfaction, cohesion, performance, and intrinsic motivation (Weinberg Gould, 2015, p. 213-214). There are five models of decision making in Chelladurai’s model. This paper will discuss different types of leadership, the consequences of the different situations, and Chelladurai’s models. LEADERSHIP Leadership is â€Å"the process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal (Weinberg Gould, 2015, p. 199).† The process of influence typically encompasses a number of behaviors that facilitate motivation in team members, where the coach focuses on getting team members to effectively work together in the pursuit of the common goal. There are a number of antecedents of leadership; personal and situational factors that affect leader behavior including age and maturity, gender, and the type of sport (Weinberg Gould, 2015, p. 212). A leader has to be able to adapt to the circumstances of each situation when working in a changing environment. As sports have new or unusual situations inShow MoreRelatedLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership857 Words   |  4 Pagesproject shows that leadership is defined in many ways. Characteristics of a good leader are questionable. Leadership styles and theories, such as servant leadership, collective leadership, and dictatorship vastly differ but still share similar attributes. While servant leadership and collective leadership theories similarly encompass specific attributes, the collective leadership theory still lacks vision and empowerment. Inversely, at the other extreme of leadership theories is dictatorship. UnlikeRead MoreLeadership Style And Leadership Theory807 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch conducted on traits, skills, and characters relationships to leadership and followers. The paper discusses the common themes and conclusions addressed in all studies . The articles penned with the intention of examining the impact leadership style and leadership theory in areas such as individual identity, culture, and worldview. Mahdi, Mohd, and Almsafir (2014) argue there is a significantly strong relationship between the leadership behavior and organizational commitment. Also, the paper synthesizesRead MoreLeadership Theories And Leadership Styles1512 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide examples surrounding various leadership theories and leadership styles that sustain the definition of a public leader. First, this paper will provide a definition of a public leader. Next, it determine two leadership theories and two leadership styles that support the definition of a public leader. Also, this paper will assess the effectiveness of the two leadership theories. Subsequently, it will assess the effectiveness of the two leadership styles. Further, this paper will utilize properRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership Essay873 Words   |  4 PagesGenerally, leadership is the art or process of influencing followers and subordinates to achieve the organizational goals. It helps an individuals or a group to identify its goals and assists in achieving the stated goals. Because of importance of leadership all kinds of group action, there are considerable number of researches and theories on leadership and many kinds of leadership styles like Greatman theory, power influence, Trait approach, Behavioral, Situational or Contingency approaches;Read MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership876 Words   |  4 Pagesbstract This paper is to define the definition of leadership, and how its breakdown of various leadership styles and theories. I will also focus on more than one leadership style on what is to believe the best aligns thoughts of what leadership should mean. The leadership style is a mixed character of leadership that combines the transformational and servant leadership theories in to Healthcare. An evaluation is made of the learner’s leadership characteristics and how they would enable the learnerRead MoreLeadership Styles And Leadership Theories993 Words   |  4 Pagesto the other two leadership styles, I scored next highest in the delegate category and the least amount in the authoritative category. In this paper I will give a comprehensive overview of leadership styles and leadership management theories and how they relate to my style. Lastly, I will discuss my type of work environment, and three key actions or behaviors that I must demonstrate to be a successful leader. Alignment with management and leadership theories Leadership theories include trait, attitudinalRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership1386 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is known as the process of guiding groups, individuals and an organization in the establishment of goals as well as sustaining those goals. The concept of leadership incorporates a diversity of clarifications, leadership styles and theories. While looking at the leaders around us no matter if it’s our president or place of employment, we often find ourselves questioning exactly why these individuals shine in these positions. This essay will detail my leadership in relations of the transformationalRead MoreLeadership Theories And Leadership Style920 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership theories and Leadership Style In workplace condition, there are numerous dynamics which may affects a manager’s leadership style. The most significant features which will affect the choice of leadership styles or leadership behavior in a workplace condition need to identify. The most important factor which affects the manager’s leadership style is ‘Task’. The task is the real purpose of the team as well as the goals of the team. A manager’s upmost duty is to be certain that all team membersRead MoreLeadership Styles And Theories Of Leadership2172 Words   |  9 PagesThere are many leadership styles and theories.   Effective leaders are required to possess problem-solving skills, maintain group effectiveness, be dynamic, passionate, and be a motivational influence on others.   There are two leadership approaches that are most popular.   They are Transactional leadership and Transformational leadership.   A transactional leader is the traditional â€Å"boss† image (Yoder-Wise, 2015).   In such work environment, employees have an understanding that the superiors make allRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Leadership Styles4638 Words   |  19 PagesLeadership theories The full spectrum of leadership styles is broad. The leadership styles continuum ranges from very directive to very non-directive: Autocratic, Benevolent Autocratic, Consultative, Participative, Consensus, and Laissez-Faire (Gibson, 1995). The autocratic leader an authority who make decisions or set goals and does not feel the need to explain them. The benevolent autocratic leader also rely on authority for decision-making, but may explain the thought process behind the decisions

The Cold War Era Essay example - 1046 Words

The Cold War Era Works Cited Missing The late 1940s to the mid 1980s the American society saw what could quite possibly be titled the biggest technological effect on society. This era, The Cold War, was a period in which fear of attack or invasion and a need to be superior reigned in the American society. It led to the development of space technology, during the Space Race, communication systems, and military technology in what has been appropriately deemed the Arms Race. On October 4, 1957 [1] a huge change concerning technology in society occurred. On this date, the United Soviet Socialists Republic (USSR) launched Sputnik into outer space. The launch of Sputnik instilled a fear in the American society and an urgent call†¦show more content†¦NASA was not engineering in a new field; the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and other government organizations had been working on the idea of space flight. These organizations were subsequently pulled into NASA upon its creation. [3] The main focus became developing technology that was steady enough and strong enough to support human life in space. The act of simply launching a rocket into space had been achieved over ten years before when Nazi Germany launched its first successful V-2 rocket in October 1942. The V-2 (Vengeance Weapon 2) rocket was built to shoot warheads at targets from a long range. [4] With the disastrous ability of the V-2 in mind, when Sputnik was launched, the fear of ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) became a very prevalent part of American society. Families built bomb shelters in their backyards and stocked them with non-perishable goods to help them sustain life if they were ever attacked. Students and employees practiced air raid drills by crawling under desks and tables. An imminent fear of attack hung heavily in the air causing such historical events as the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The entire era of the Cold War was spurred by a fear of the technology that the opposing country (either Russia or America) possessed; thus, the obvious effect of technology on the society of the times. The Cold War Era was not an era that revolved entirely around fearShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War Era1871 Words   |  8 Pagesend of World War II, Europe was in ruins. Between bomb damage, economic downturn, and natural disasters such as droughts and blizzards it seemed nearly impossible to restore Europe to its prior greatness. America facilitated the recovery of Europe with military and financial aid and helped prevent the spread of communism, which is proven to overtake even the strongest countries in times of distress. This aid crushed the Soviet dream of a communist Europe, which set off the Cold War. Over the nextRead MoreThe Era Of The Cold War Essay2000 Words   |  8 Pages The era of the Cold War was a tumultuous time where conflicts arose in many aspects of American culture and international wars waged to prevent the spread of Soviet influence over other nations. U.S. foreign policy would see much intervention, where nations were used to engage in proxy wars. The United States’ domestic politics would see much panic among congress and many senators, where the looming fears of Soviet influence and communist spies altered how politicians and lawmakers conductedRead MoreThe Cold War And The War Era1687 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War era was an infamous time in United States history. The stand-off between the USSR and the US lasted nearly forty-five years, and began shortly after World War II had ended. Even though the USSR and the US had been Allied Powers during the war, Stalin’s ruling of his country frightened the United States, and the US’s late entry in the war caused Russian resentment. The tension the Cold War caused t errified everyone and pressured the United States government to start preparing for desperateRead MoreThe Cold War Era1004 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cold War was an era in which nuclear power was just beginning to be used to its full potential. It was still a fresh, new idea that mankind had not yet learned how to completely harness. Due to that, there were many mistakes made that were detrimental to the environment and humans themselves. One such situation in which that occurred was in Greifswald, East Germany. A nuclear power plant was built in Greifswald to power the surrounding area. It provided East Germany with ten percent of its powerRead MoreThe Cold War Era524 Words   |  2 Pages Cold War The cold war started in 1945 and ended in 1989. It was a war between the United States and the Soviet Union. This war took place right after WWII and it is called the cold war because there were no real battles such as with tanks and bombs. The history on the United States in war is that before the cold war the United States had fought in 24 battles and they won 17 of them. The strength and the courage that the United States has when they go to war are unbelievable. Their win to lossRead MoreUS and the Cold War Era1364 Words   |  6 PagesWhile the U.S. maintained a relatively confusing agenda regarding foreign policies during the Cold War era, its attitudes are clearer in the present as globalization has strengthened connections between all international actors and made it more difficult for some to focus on maintaining hostile outlooks. The U.S. has had a long history with Syria and Israel, as the superpower has struggled to keep the two countries from abusing each-other and has, at times, provided the latter with significant financialRead MoreThe Cold War And Postmodern Eras1579 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica is often said to envelop in culture of fear. American elites have established this supremacy by the means o f propaganda. From the Cold War to the War on Terror, these elites have maintained power along with the American Government to make sure they have control of their consumers. This has been accomplished with the establishment of an American foreign policy that has helped create a bipolar world. It allows America to focus on its interest and create a myth that the American people haveRead MoreThe Post Cold War Era1521 Words   |  7 PagesIn the post-Cold War era, the nature of conflicts and events that give rise to the need for humanitarian assistance have significantly evolved. For those caught in the middle of the â€Å"war on terror† in the Middle East, or unprecedented violence in Africa, the need to build relationships with the spectator in order to motivate donations is ever present. The relationship between the spectator and the suffering has significantly changed in the past few decades and NGOs and individuals seeking to motivateRead MoreThe Cold War Era Essay987 Words   |  4 PagesSince World War II ended, the United States has been involved in several other conflicts, all o f which were much further from total war than was the Second World War. Many of these were â€Å"small wars.† During the Cold War, the military’s goal was preparedness to fight two simultaneous major contingency operations. Once the Soviet Union disintegrated, and the United States emerged as the lone superpower, there appeared to be a period of peace on the horizon. The peace dividend never fully materializedRead MoreCold War Era Movie Assignment1538 Words   |  7 PagesCold War Era Movie Assignment The movie/TV clips that we watched in class were all made between the years 1954 and 1964. World War II and The Cold War between The Soviet Union and the United States became the subject of many TV shows and movies of the time period. The paranoia and fear of communism and nuclear war was very real in the 1950’s/1960’s and it shaped the cultures of both the United States and the Soviet Union. You will be asked questions not only about the clips you will view but how

Mental Health Care Entails Specializedâ€Free Samples Free Students

Question: Discuss About the Mental Health Care Entails Specialized? Answer: Introducation Mental health nursing care entails specialized health care for people with mental distress or mental illness in all ages. Some of the conditions associated with mental distress include dementia, schizophrenia, depression, psychosis and bipolar disorders. Psychiatric nurses are trained in psychological therapies in order to deal with the challenging behaviors and psychiatric medical administration(Nursing and Midwifery Order, 2001). Nurses specialized in mental care work in the mental institutes, hospitals and correctional facilities and hence there is need for them to create professional boundaries with the patients. These boundaries are important to ensure safety of both the nurse and patient and maintenance of a therapeutic relationship. It also prevents the nurse from personal instability due to the nature of their work and also to instill safety and containment feelings to the patient. The relationship between the nurse and patient has been traditionally essential hence; in their day to day decision making and practice should exhibit a deeper understanding of legal, ethics and professionalism in their nursing field. Legal issues Legal issues include the statute and case laws. Nurses are healthcare professionals and generally care for the wellbeing of patients(Security issues in internet, 2014).Their educational requirements should be according to the statutory regulations of a given country. Statutes have impact on health care and also international standards and include various acts such as Mental Act, Children Act and Abortion Act. Mental Acts for example offer the patient the ability to have an attorney to make for them decisions since they are unable to do them by themselves. These acts ensure that there is strict privacy of the patients information and allows the individuals to take legal actions if this right is violated. Since patients have constitutional rights to choose the form of treatment they prefer, nurses should ensure that the patients get the form of treatment they want and treatment can only be therapeutically necessary if only the patient is incapable of consent. Case laws also help to mon itor the standards in nursing and medical profession. The court normally makes judgments normally based on the best interest of the patient hence its important for nurses to make informed decisions in regard to patients before carrying out activities such as mercy killing. Nurses are also required to have a good understanding of the legal principles through education and teachings prior to practice to ensure that they will apply them in the nursing field(American Nurses Association, 2014). Nurses need to be able to read and comprehend the legal language and analyze how it will affect them and their patients for example its a fundamental right of a human being to have the basic of food, water, clothing and medication. The nurses should therefore not deny the mental patients this right as it can lead to misunderstandings, or consequently deaths leading to law pursuits by the patients family. Its therefore important for the nurses to understand the legal language and critically analyze how it can affect their decisions. Nurses should also intervene in cases whereby the laid laws affect their ability to deliver quality health care to the patients. This will not only create a good image of them but will make the patients to feel appreciated and wanted in the society. Nurses should not only view legal requirements as issues pertaining to their rules and regulation s but should see it as chance to make a contribution n to the constitution laws. They can do this by petitioning or making amendments in the constitution regarding quality health provision to the patients. The most important legal aspect is the Nurse Practice Act that gives them authority to practice their profession. Its therefore essential for nurses to understand the various dimensions of this act in their practice. This is because this nursing practice is regulated by the nursing board of a particular states government(Australian Human Rights Commission, 2014). Nurses must therefore take their time to know these stated rules and regulations and how they impact their practice. Since a nurses profession is purely dedicated to nursing, violation of some of these rights may lead to serious consequences such as loss of their jobs or licensure penalties. These boards are essential as they issue nurses with licenses, regulate their practice, interpret specific laws under Practice Act and work together with the administrative law all with the main aim of ensuring public safety in provision of health services(Australian Nursing Federation (2013). The nursing practice is controlled by federa l and city state laws, precedent of cases in court and lawsuits against nurses hence its necessary for nurses to observe these rules to avoid negative implications. Ethical issues Ethical codes are guidelines that shape behavior of a person according to be beliefs and values that are morally accepted in the society. Ethical codes provide direction to the healthcare professionals. These codes of ethics are normally not negotiable in the nursing field. Nurses must apply ethical guidelines in all fields and not just in clinical roles only. Nurses owe others the same obligation they owe themselves and they should also maintain integrity, participate in national development, and express nursing values(Johnson, 2013). These code of ethics is normally customer focused and emphasizes that the nurse must maintain loyalty to the patient regardless on the negative forces that may come from the other family members and should as much as possible avoid interests that may be conflicting or may result to negative effects on the patients health. The patients should be regarded as patients rather than clients hence nurses should uphold each of the patients dignity as much as t hey uphold theirs and treat them with respect equally. Dignity should be highly valued in whatever circumstances the patient is in (Commonwealth of Australia, 2014). Beneficence These are acts of kindness, charity, mercy and compassion with the moral obligation of doing well to others. The nurse has a professional requirement or right of always taking care of the patient has a first priority before anything else without any favoritism, discrimination or exception (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2013). Beneficence as an integral part of a nurses work compels the individual to consider his or her work to high levels of professionalism hence one works achievement of high standards and good work. Nurses can uphold the practice of beneficence byshowing respect to the patient, peers; family is a very important aspect of nursing and promotion of principles of healthcare. Its key in the building up of good relationships with others in the nursing environment and is key in decision-making and help build good boundaries in the daily activities of a nurse (Nursing and Midwifery Council, 2014). Giving of respect helps to improve each others esteem, essence, uniqueness, and honor of ones wholeness. It also helps the nurse to uphold a sense of integrity and self-knowledge. Beneficence is important in the success of clinical practice and nurses can embrace this by communicating with the patients effectively, engaging them in decision making and respecting their decisions without judging them. Beneficence also promotes the primary healthcare principle of equity, as the nurse is able to provide health services to the patient without discrimination relating to the circumstances they might be economically or socially (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2017). Non-maleficence This is a term used to mean that in the nursing practice, nurses have pledged to take care of the patients with their knowledge and ability to prevent them from the worse or complication of their conditions. Non-maleficence requires that the nurse act in the best way possible so as not to harm the patient or to protect the patient from getting injuries. There are cases whereby some kind of treatments can cause harm to the patient, in such cases, the nurse should weigh the possible alternative as a form of avoid harm to the patient (Spector, 2014). The act of non-maleficence is aimed at the best-interest of the patient receiving treatment thus it gives rise to several rules that the nurses should observe. Some of the harmful practices that a nurse should avoid include; killing, causing more pain, causing disability to someone, doing an illegal abortion, depriving one their freedom and also depriving one the opportunity to have pleasure. Therefore a nurse while carrying out her duties should ensure that her acts are morally right and are aimed at doing the patient good and not evil. The code of nursing is normally based on the good of society, the nursing sector, the patient, and health in general. Therefore, nurses ought to promote and restore health, prevent illness and diseases and alleviate suffering of the patients. The code of practice normally gives a clear outline of what the nurses should do while carrying out their activities in order to promote quality nursing care. The code of non-malfeasance calls for nurses to prevent the patients from any harm by reporting any illegal, unsafe and unethical practice by any individual to the relevant authorities to take immediate action. The interest of the nurses to do well to others without causing any harm enhances their self-esteem and work output and are normally given more respect in the society (Australian Government, 2016). There is the malpractice suit to nurses who do not uphold this and normally they are punished and the patient compensated for the harm done to them. This is in respect to the patients rig ht of respectful and considerate care. Justice Justice is a bioethics principle that refers to giving others what is dully theirs and entails fair distribution of the benefits and risks. In the nursing practice, justice refers to treating patients with fairness and respect regardless of their conditions; either social, economic, race or gender. Healthcare provision should also be culture sensitive includes offering health services to individuals irrespective of their economic or social standards, nature of their health complications, gender; race or personal attributes (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013). A compassionate nurse upholds and advocates for social justice in healthcare provision worldwide. Justice is attained through fair distribution of the health services and the upholding of the basic principle of equity. The healthcare principle of equity entails the fact that the nurse should be able to provide health services to the patient without discrimination relating to the circumstances they might be economic or social (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2017). Professionalism Boundaries and violations According to the Nurses Registration Board, professionalism refers to the codes conduct that guide professionals (Rushton, 2015). The concept of professionalism in nursing can be discussed from key dimensions of cognitive, psychomotor, and attitudinal aspects. Professionalism is very essential in nursing practice as it shows value and respect for ones profession. The code of professional conduct is there to guide the nurses and midwives in their day-to-day activities of provision of healthcare services in an efficient, safe, and ethical way. Any nurse or midwife who goes against this code of professionalism can face legal pursuits and their license can be withheld hence they can no longer be in practice. Nurses should exhibit professional values. This can be shown through nurses acting for the care and wellbeing of the public, before their own interests. They must also practice autonomously, be accountable and responsible for evidence based nursing, compassionate, patient-centered safety that seeks to uphold and respect human rights and their dignities. This professionalism can be evidenced through integrity and working according to the laid down ethical and legal frameworks along with professional aspects. Nurses should partner with other social health providers and agencies , families, their workmates and service users to ensure that decision making is informative and inclusive of others to avoid making of bad decisions. Nurses should also exhibit good communication and interpersonal skills. Their communications should be precise, compassionate, respectful, safe and effective. They must communicate using various strategies both formal and informal and also effective technologies to express themselves or pass out some information(Daly, 2013). They can also use formal languages when communicating with their peers in work/meeting settings. Their communication should seek to be efficient even with people with disabilities by the use of interpreters so as to get the required information. This will not only promote provision of quality health services, but also ensure equality in accessing these services. In communicating with their superiors or supervisors, they should also show respect by their addressing them with their job titles or official name. They should take into consideration that both vertical and horizontal forms of communication are essential in a workplace. In nursing practice, the nurses should the dignity of the patients. They must also ensure that everyone who comes to their health facilities gets the essential mental and physical help required irrespective of their age, gender, or economic situations. They should help the patients get immediate care or first aid before being attended to by the respective specialists. They should also ensure that they meet the complex and varied needs of people in their field of practice, whether it is at home, hospitals or community. In their decision-makings, nurses should ensure that the patients family, other service providers and peers are involved to make sure that possible interventions can be reached. using the appropriate technology or means of communication (In the mix ,2014). Nurses should also take into account how various factors such as culture, socio economic conditions, environment and behaviors can affect a patients outcome in terms of illness or the healing problems, hence plan on a better way of delivering care. Conclusion Nurses should be able to exhibit leadership, management, and team working. Nurses are accountable through the process of clinical governance that seeks to improve healthcare standards and maintenance of nursing practices. They must be able to respond well to certain situations confidently and in a planned manner to prove that they can manage themselves and others effectively. They must also come up with ways and ideas of how to improve provision of healthcare services as well as coming up with opportunities and maximizing on them. They must also show that they can further their leadership skills and further management in others fields. Since nurses have different ranks according to their academic qualifications, they can use that power given to them to make a difference in the working environment by promoting a healthy nurse-patient relationship. References Aged Care Crisis.(2015). Accreditation FAQs. Retrieved March 20, 2017 from https://www.agedcarecrisis.com/accreditation/accreditation-faqs Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2012). Health care delivery and financing (Catalogue No. 1301.0).RetrievedMarch20,2017fromhttps://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/1301.0~2012~Main%20Features~Health%20care%20delivery%20and%20financing~235 Australian Human Rights Commission.(2007, April). Social determinants and the health of Indigenous peoples in Australia a human rights based approach. Paper presented at the International Symposium on the Social Determinants of Indigenous health. Retrieved fromhttps://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/speeches/socialdeterminants-and-health indigenous-peoples-Australia-human-rights-based Australian Government.(2016). A healthy and active Australia. Retrieved March 20, 2017 from https://www.healthyactive.gov.au/ Australian Government (Department of Health). (2013). The social determinants of health. RetrievedMarch20,2017fromhttps://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/oatsihhealthplan-toc~determinants Australian Law Reform Commission.(n.d.).Overview of the Australian healthcare system. Retrieved March 20, 2017 from https://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/19-genepatents-and-healthcare-system/overview-australian-healthcare-system Australian Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia. (2016). Standards for practice: Enrolled Nurses.RetrievedMarch20,2017fromhttps://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/CodesGuidelinesStatements/Professional-standards.aspx Australian Nursing Federation (2009). Primary health care in Australia: A nursing and midwifery consensus view. Retrieved March 20, 2017 from -https://anmf.org.au/documents/reports/PHC_Australia.pdf Australian Primary Health Care Nurses Association. (2017). what is primary health care nursing? Retrieved March 20, 2017 from https://www.apna.asn.au/profession/whatis-primary-health-care-nursing American Nurses Association. (2011) code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Silver Spring, MD; Author Daly, B. J. (2002). Moving forward: a new code of ethics. Nursing Outlook 50, 97-99 Dossey, B. M. Florence Nightingale:Mystic, visionary, healer. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse. In the mix (2007).Teen immigrants: Five American Stories (DVD). Harriman, NY: Castleworks. Johnson, D. (2003). Learning right from wrong in the digital age: an ethics guide for parents , teachers, librarians, and others who care about computer-using in young people. Worthington, OH: Linworth. Nursing and Midwifery Order 2001, SI 2002 No. 253 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010) Standards for pre-registration nursing education. Nursing and Midwifery Council, London. Rushton, C. H. (2007) .Respect in critical care.A foundational ethical issue. AACN advanced Clinical Care, 18(2), 149-156 Security issues in internet. (2005). Ethics on the web.Retrieved April 20, 2007. Spector, R.E. (2004). Cultural divert in health and illness (6th edition). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall.

Mill individuality essay free essay sample

Within Mills On Liberty it is clear that he has a high regard for the issues surrounding freedom and its limits. Mill is an advocate of negative freedom, as a liberal he believes that there should be no restraints on an individuals freedom unless it is hindering the freedom or health of another person. One of the main reasons as to why Mill values liberty is because it contributes to personal development. Thus Mill argues that in order for individuals to develop they should be able to perform experiments in living, which allow individuals to go through a system of trial and error until they find their own appropriate way of life. Moreover, experiments in living are beneficial to society as they provide a different way of living different from that of custom and help tackle the tyranny of public opinion. Thus it can therefore be argued that Mills account on personal liberty does in fact ensure the development of society and the individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Mill individuality essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first way in which Mills account of freedom ensures the development of the individual and society, is that it promotes the truth. The link between personal freedom and truth is one of vital importance to Mill. Personal liberty allows people to come to opinions and ideas that that they can then go and share and spread with other individuals. Thus creating a pluralist society whereby ideas are tolerated, by virtue of them being expressed. In order to create such a society geniuses are needed to introduce new ways of thinking into society and to challenge the old ways of life. For such people to exist we need freedom in society to practice our individuality. Mill states that even if an opinion or individual lifestyle is false or offensive it should be allowed to be expressed, as it will have strengthen the true opinion or right way of life and allow those holding that opinion to have greater faith in it. For example, a scientist needs the freedom to experiment in order to discover new truths about the natural world and share these ideas with the rest of humanity. However, should we express discoveries that are wrong? Surely this would be a waste or time. Mill would argue that because even false options have value, we should allow them to be expressed. A false discovery could spur on others to be clearer about what the truth might be, it could even be a step that we take to discover the real truth. Mill does not think that once truth or a good way of individuality is discovered, we should remain complacent with it. This would allow society to become stagnant and proven truths could develop into custom. This would therefore be detrimental to human individuality as individuals will become sheeps and follow custom blindly. Custom does not educate or improve an individuals well being, indeed Mill argues that he who does anything but follow custom, makes no choice Mills solution to this is to revisit and reconsider truths, so that they remain lively. It is also true that by not reconsidering customs and public opinions, they could come to rule society, resulting in a mediocre society. Only if there is individual freedom, we can avoid truths becoming dead dogma. If personal liberty did not exist, society would become stagnant and individuals would not question the ways of life around them, meaning that neither society nor individual develop. It is therefore vital to have personal freedom so that individuals are allowed to question ways of life and society can develop. Mill also believes that personal freedom is important because it promotes individuals with a means to develop on a personal level. Mill believes without experiments in living human beings lose what it means to he truly human. In order to be truly human, an individual needs to interpret and adapt the experiences of others and themselves to suit their own moral codes. Individually is the development and expression of ones own character, as opposed to going along with customs and traditions imposed on society from previous generations. Mill illustrated this himself in the example he gives about Christianity, arguing that the Christian moral system cannot be derived from the New Testament alone, there are also ideas from the Old Testament. This therefore implies that much like the Christian tradition, individuals should derive their own individuality from previous experiences, however experiment with it so that it is their own private morality. Mill approvingly quotes the German politician Von Humboldt who argues that each persons vision of morality is the most harmonious development of his powers to complete a consistent whole. Each persons powers are different, as are there desires and emotions which need to be developed to be complete and consistent. Therefore each persons development is individual to them, thus following custom or public opinion stagnates their individual growth, as they are nit experimenting their faculties. However, it would be easy to criticise this, what if someone elses individuality and experiments in living interfere or undermine my way of experimenting. Mill would simply apply his harm principle to such a situation. As long as my way of life does not harm or infringe on other peoples rights and their own freedom then I am allowed to act on any way that pleases me. It can be argued that such a restraint protects society from damaging behaviour but also improves me as a person as I am not indulging in selfish acts. Indeed it is beneficial to society to have eccentricity, because without it, it can be argued that people will become submissive, weak willed and without strong opinions. Society will lose it means to progressing further. Mill talks about this to am extent in his chapter on democracy. He argues that in order for society to develop we need two opposing parties, one that is defined by tradition and pragmatism and the other by social progress. However, it can be argued that by giving people the means to be eccentrics you are threatening social order and putting society at whole at a risk ( the opposite of what Mill says his theory does). However , like most problems that surround the idea of negative liberty, mill would argue that as long as the experiment in living is within the limits of the harm principle them it should be allowed. This personal liberty not only provides people with a means to experiment their own ways of living, but also allows society to flourish as eccentricity and geniuses (provided by liberty) can enlighten individuals and governments into new ways of living. Furthermore, to treat human beings with no individuality and not provide them with a means of experimenting in their living, is to assume that they are all the same. Mill argues that we are all different in our desires and in what will make us happy. Imposing a specific lifestyle on all members of society would be like treating an orchid, sunflower and cactus all in the same way. The conditions in which the orchids thrive could kill the sunflower. Much like plants, human beings differ too much to attempt to make all members of society conform to one model of the good life. However, speaking from a Marxist perspective we could argue that human beings should only focus on need satisfaction. This would mean that all individuals have the same needs such as food, water and shelter. Marx argued that in order to live a true human existence, human beings should focus on satisfying those needs equally. Therefore, Mills argument that individuals are different would prove to be invalid to Marx. Although Marx makes a valid point, it would be in cohesive to argue that all human beings do actually have the same needs. For example, someone with disabilities is going to have more needs than a non disabled person. Thus it is true that different human beings have different needs in order to create this individual identity. How can society progress if all human beings are treated the same? Surely it is only because of difference in ideas that human human being have come so far. To treat a hard working person the same as a lazy person seems unjust, their individuality is different and their desires too are different. Treating them the same would not amount to higher levels of liberty. Thus personal liberty does ensure developments in society and the individuals. One of the main objections to Mills individuality argument is that there are many situations in which utility may conflict with individual freedom. The idea that utility and conflict can conflict is illustrated by the potential drug addict. If a state prevents an individual from buying an extremely addictive drug, for example heroin, although we take away their individual freedom we are also contributing to their utility, and the utility of others as taking drugs can affect others indirectly. The harm principle is difficult to apply in such a situation, because it implies that only acts that are infringing on the liberty of another person or causing them harm should be stopped. Therefore it can be argued that society needs a source of paternalism. Conservatives argue that Mill has given human beings more rationality than they really possess. Conservatives see human beings as rationally imperfect creatures who need guidance. Mill gives special emphasis to the faculty of reason. For Mill it is reason that enables us to use our liberty effectively and even improve it. Conservatives to argue that there us too much weight given to human reason and not enough emphasis on their other characteristics. Although Mill does mention the importance of desires and impulses he assumes that reason can be the way in which we control them. Human beings ,as imperfect creatures, are driven more by hate, jealousy, sexual desire than they are by reason, if we take these irrational human drives into account, it may be necessary to consider restricting freedom in specific areas that mill would not accept, for example their sexual lives. Without such paternal restraints it can be said that individuals will cause harm to themselves and also to society. Therefore no one benefits from personal liberty, instead people are at a disadvantage from it. An argument is given by Lord Devlin as to why personal development could be dangerous of the moral frameworks of society. Devlin argued against the harm principle and negative freedom in the 1950s, during the time of the Wolfenden report, which argued that the law should not interfere with the private lives of its citizens. However Devlin argued that if the law failed to enforce common moral values, society would begin to disintegrate. To sum up Devlins argument, he argued that im order for society to be stable there needs to be a common morality which is public, and not private, it is the governments responsibility to ensure that the welfare of society is looked after, so it is legitimate that governments can pass paternal laws, on the basis of presenting moral values. An example that Devlin uses for his public morality is one of the drunk man. Say a man is to get drunk every night on the private sphere of his own home, it can be argued that as long as the man isnt harming society he is free to do this. However what if a quarter of the population is getting drunk every night, that will have negative effects on society and peoples individuality. So society should not tolerate practices that conflict with these common moral values. If these common moral values were aimed at preventing harm to others then Mill would agree, however Devlin was someone who disapproved of self actions, for example drunkenness and homosexual activity. He appeals to social utility and the importance of social cohesion as a way to make society a better place. However is Devlin right to say that actions such as homosexuality lead tot he break down of society? Society had now come to accept legally homosexuals, and society has not broken down. Moreover, how are individuals and societys expected to make moral progress without being allowed to experiment with different practices. Should we really give up the prospect of a developed tolerant society in the name of cohesion, whereby everyone is following one set of rules? To conclude Mills account of personal liberty ensures the development of individuals and society, by allowing the truth to come forward and allow individuals to use their own reason to choose their own ways of life. Society is protected from following custom and becoming stagnant, and also becomes more tolerant to absurd ideas. It is also true that personal liberty is needed so that society can progress into greater things. For example it would be easy to regard feminist and gay thighs thinkers as geniuses as they have pioneered some of the more equal and tolerant laws of this day and age.