Egyptian Math Essay -- History Mathematics Research Papers

Egyptian Math      The utilization of sorted out science in Egypt has been gone back to the third thousand years BC. Egyptian science was ruled by number-crunching, with an accentuation on estimation and figuring in geometry. With their tremendous information on geometry, they had the option to effectively ascertain the zones of triangles, square shapes, and trapezoids and the volumes of figures, for example, blocks, chambers, and pyramids. They were likewise ready to fabricate the Great Pyramid with extraordinary precision.      Early assessors found that the greatest mistake in fixing the length of the sides was just 0.63 of an inch, or under 1/14000 of the absolute length. They additionally found that the blunder of the points at the corners to be just 12, or around 1/27000 of a correct edge (Smith 43).      Three speculations from science were found to have been utilized in building the Great Pyramid. The main hypothesis expresses that four symmetrical triangles were put together to construct the pyramidal surface. The subsequent hypothesis expresses that the proportion of one of the sides to half of the tallness is the inexact estimation of P, or that the proportion of the border to the stature is 2P. It has been found that early pyramid manufacturers may have considered that P rose to about 3.14. The third hypothesis expresses that the edge of height of the entry prompting the chief chamber decides the scope of the pyramid, about 30o N, or that the section itself focuses whatever was then known as the post star (Smith 44). Antiquated Egyptian science depended on two exceptionally basic ideas. The principal idea was that the Egyptians had a careful information on the twice-times table. The subsequent idea was that they had the capacity to discover 66% of any number (Gillings 3). This number could be either fundamental or partial. The Egyptians utilized the division 2/3 utilized with wholes of unit portions (1/n) to communicate every single other part. Utilizing this framework, they had the option to tackle all issues of number-crunching that included portions, just as some rudimentary issues in polynomial math (Berggren).      The study of science was additionally best in class in Egypt in the fourth thousand years BC than it was anyplace else on the planet right now. The Egyptian schedule was presented around 4241 BC. Their year comprised of a year of 30 days each with 5 celebration days toward the year's end. These celebration days were committed t... ...alking about. In the event that they discovered some precise strategy on the most proficient method to accomplish something, they never inquired as to why it worked. They never tried to set up its generally accepted fact by a contention that would show unmistakably and consistently their points of view. Rather, what they did was clarify and characterize in an arranged succession the means important to do it once more, and at the decision they included a check or evidence that the means sketched out led to a right arrangement of the issue (Gillings 232-234). Perhaps this is the reason the Egyptians had the option to find such a large number of scientific recipes. They never contended why something worked, they just trusted it did. Works Cited: Berggren, J. Lennart. Science. Computer Software. Microsoft, Encarta 97 Encyclopedia. 1993-1996. Album ROM. Dauben, Joseph Warren and Berggren, J. Lennart. Variable based math. Computer Software. Microsoft, Encarta 97 Encyclopedia. 1993-1996. Album ROM. Gillings, Richard J. Science in the Time of the Pharaohs. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1972. Smith, D. E. History of Mathematics. Vol. 1. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1951. Weigel Jr., James. Precipice Notes on Mythology. Lincoln, Nebraska: Cliffs Notes, Inc., 1991

American Home Products Corporation Essay

1. What amount of business hazard does American Home Products face? What amount budgetary hazard would American Home Products face at every one of the proposed degrees of obligation appeared on the off chance that Exhibit 3? What amount of potential worth, if any would american be able to Home Products make for its investors at every one of the proposed degrees of obligation? A blend of business hazard and monetary hazard shows the danger of an organization’s future profit for value. Business chance is identified with make a firm’s activity with no obligation, while money related hazard requires that the firm’s normal investors settle on a choice to fund it with obligation. an) American Home Products has been working on four fundamental lines of business that are less vulnerability about item request; for instance, one of its business lines is food items on the grounds that at whatever point individuals purchase nourishments. It implies that AHP’s business chance is low. As referenced above, if a firm does its activity exercises routinely without influence, it implies that its business chance isn't critical high. Accordingly, proportion of money to add up to resources is determined by following: As indicated by Figure 1, AHP’s money was about 23% of all out resources, rose continually since 1978 to 1981, and arrived at 28.2% in 1981; in this manner, it has enough income to back its day by day operation. Also, return on resources can show that a firm’s capacity to take care of its working expense by producing salary. As indicated by the figuring beneath, American Home Products Corporation’s ROA was steady and around 19.2 % in 1981; thus, AHP earned adequate measure of pay to take care of its working expense. Figure 2 Return on Assets of Amercan Home Products Corporation, 1972-1981 ($ in millions) Add to these above clarifications, Exhibit 1 shows that AHP’s top yearly development in deals was 14.1% in 1978 and contrast with it, yearly development in deals diminished by 5.3% in 1981; thus, it became disservice to AHP in light of the fact that shoppers began to enthusiasm into competitors’ items. Hazard avoidance was the most central segment of AHP’s culture; subsequently, they like to procure or take permit of recently created merchandise or produce comparable items with its rivals as opposed to grow new-items. In spite of the fact that it appears to spare R&D costs, procurement cost or an expense of time reaction to take other’s development would be still showed up. In this way, AHP should attempt to improve its deals. b) Financial hazard is identified with business chance, so we estimated NOPAT, ROIC, ROE whose vulnerability future can decide a firm’s business chance in Figure 3. Figure 3 Pro Forma 1981 Results for Alternative Capital S tructures ($ in millions aside from proportions) Above ace forma represents that all out obligation and money related hazard have straight connection with one another and AHP’s complete obligation expanded, so its budgetary hazard would rise. At that point if American Home Products Corporation couldn't pay its advance and enthusiasm by plan, it would meet the money related hazard and the danger of insolvency. As indicated by Exhibit 4, AHP utilized overabundance money of 233 million dollars on every one of the proposed levels to repurchase stocks and remaining sums were financed by obligation; accordingly, its normal offers exceptional would diminished by 19.8 million offers on 30% dept proportion and 36.6 million offers on 70% obligation proportion. It implies that value will goes down, so its arrival on value will rise. AHP ought to consider about budgetary hazard to change the capital structure. American Home Products Corporation can spare expenses to pay by expanding obligation. Figure 4 delineates that its charges investment funds can be favorable position to AHP in the event that it utilizes heavier capital structure. Figure 4 Pro Forma 1981 Taxes Savings ($ in millions) As indicated by Figure 4, if the company’s capital structure is 70% obligation to add up to capital, contrasting with 30 % obligation to add up to capital structure, it can spare roughly 1.9 occasions more noteworthy cash; in this way, its investors would profit by it. 2. What capital structure would you suggest as fitting for AHP? What are the benefits of utilizing this organization? The detriments? How might utilizing up influence the company’s charges? How might the capital markets respond to a choice by the organization to build the utilization of obligation in its capital structure? Most fitting capital structure for American Home Products is 30% obligation to add up to capital. A few reasons will clarify the motivation behind why this structure offers preferred position to AHP. The first, as utilizing 30% obligation proportion, the organization would have the option to be recapitalized; henceforth, regular offers remarkable of 19.8 million can be repurchased. The second, as per Figure 4, AHP would have favorable position to spare charges of 37.8 million dollars and its investors advantage by getting more qualities. Display 2 shows that Warner Lambert company’s obligation proportion is around 32% and its bond rating is AAA or AA. It implies that if AHP utilizes 30% obligation and 70% value, its bond rating will be same as Warner Lambert; thus, bond enthusiasm to pay won't increment much because of bond rating. Expansion to these reasons, AHP would confront less hazard to look at heavier capital structures. At last, AHP’s yearly development in deals diminished in 1981 by 2.9% from earlier year, so getting obligation could be useful to deal with its activity viably and increment its business development. Other than above points of interest, utilizing 30% obligation and 70% value capital structure has impediments. Above all else, if a firm has an advance, it must be mindful to pay its rule and enthusiasm as a timetable; else, it would be motivation to liquidation; in this way, same principle deals with instance of AHP. Notwithstanding the danger of liquidation, if the company’s every day activity requires greater venture after recapitalization, getting new advance for it would be progressively troublesome. In definite, utilizing obligation can be motivation to expand its monetary hazard, so it must be progressively mindful so as to deal with its activity. As indicated by Figure 4, utilizing the organization by utilizing 30% obligation to capital structure would diminish its duties of 37.8 million dollars to pay. The capital market would respond decidedly to a choice by the organization to utilization of 30% obligation in its capital structure. The organization had practically no obligation and had overabundance of money or higher liquidity and Mr. Laborte who was CEO of the organization was close to give his position in view of retirement, so most examiners anticipated that the organization should change its moderate capital structure. Additionally, Figure 5 shows the market positive response on the stock cost. Figure 5 Stock Price of AHP ($ in millions aside from per share facts and proportions) As per Figure 5, AHP’s stock cost will increment to 31.5. So as to ascertain new stock value, we utilized normal value/income proportion of both American Home Products Corporation and Warner Lambert Company in Exhibit 2 since show 2 outlines that while P/E proportion of AHP is 10.6%, 8% for Warner Lambert and not at all like Warner Lambert, AHP has less budgetary hazard. All however AHP’s hazard will increment in the wake of getting influence and its P/E proportion will diminish, AHP would have preferable money related situation over Warner Lambert, so speculators would be intrigued to purchase AHP’s stock instead of supply of Warner Lambert. 3. In what manner may AHP execute an increasingly forceful capital structure approach? What are the elective strategies for utilizing up? AHP should utilize heavier capital structure which implies that expansion to utilize more obligation rather than moderate capital structure; subsequently, AHP’s capital structure may be progressively viable and forceful. The elective strategies for utilizing up are developing new items, utilizing better innovation, and rousing work. 4. Taking into account AHP’s one of a kind corporate culture, what contentions would you advance to convince Mr. Laporte or his replacement to receive your suggestion? As per Mr. Laporte, his organization works so as to expand investors riches, so as utilizing 30% obligation to capital would offer chance to spare 37.8 million dollars from charges; in this manner, its investors would profit getting higher profits per share. Despite the fact that in the wake of utilizing obligation, its cost/profit proportion may be diminished, its fascination of financial specialists will be still incredible due to stock cost increment. Likewise, if the organization utilizes more obligation to the activity, it will be conceivable to repurchase normal supplies of 19.8 a large number of offers from advertise.

Schools that have Early Decision 2 TKG

Schools that have Early Decision 2 Early Decision II is an application option offered only by some schools. It’s binding, so students must attend the school if granted application but most deadlines fall on or around January 1st (the same time as regular decision). ED II applicants usually receive a decision in mid-February.  National Universities: University of ChicagoVanderbiltWashington University in St. LouisEmoryTuftsWake ForestNYUBrandeisCollege of William and MaryBoston University Case Western ReserveNortheasternRensselaer Polytechnic LehighUniversity of Miami  Liberal Arts Colleges:Swarthmore CollegeWellesley CollegeBowdoin CollegeCarleton CollegeMiddlebury CollegePomona CollegeClaremont McKenna CollegeDavidson CollegeGrinnell CollegeHaverford CollegeSmith CollegeVassar CollegeWashington and Lee UniversityColgate UniversityHamilton CollegeColby CollegeHarvey Mudd CollegeWesleyan UniversityBates CollegeUniversity of RichmondBryn Mawr CollegeColorado CollegeMacalester CollegeKenyon CollegeMount Holyoke Colle geOberlin College of Arts and SciencesScripps CollegeBucknell UniversityLafayette CollegeOccidental CollegeUnion CollegePitzer CollegeSkidmore CollegeDenison UniversityWhitman CollegeConnecticut CollegeTrinity CollegeAs always, let us know if you need any help.

Discrimination And Prejudice And Discrimination - 1608 Words

Discrimination comes in all forms. There is age discrimination, employment or job discrimination, racial discrimination, gender discrimination, reverse discrimination, sexual discrimination, and then there is also positive discrimination such as a guy letting an attractive woman out in traffic; he is then positively discriminating against her. Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a socially defined group and toward any person perceived to be a member of that group. The purpose of my research is to talk about discrimination and prejudices and how they affect our day to day lives. In addition to defining prejudice and discrimination, I will look at their relationship to stereotyping and racism. Stereotyping often leads to prejudice and discrimination, its definition almost mirroring that of prejudice. Stereotypes or characterizations are generalizations or assumptions that people make about the characteristics of all members of a group, based on an image, often wrong, about what peo ple in that group are like. It does not allow for individuals to be different, but names them all as one group (Burgess). Within this assignment I will be talking about the different types of discrimination and prejudice, from different perspectives, along with my personal thoughts on the subject. I will also be looking at ways by which to eradicate it from our daily lives as much as possible. I would also like to take a look at the civil and criminal justice system to see why the termShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination And Prejudice And Discrimination1638 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination comes in a number of forms. We have age discrimination, employment or job discrimination, racial discrimination, gender discrimination, reverse discrimination, sexual discrimination, and others. Prejudice is a negative attitude toward a socially defined group and toward any person perceived to be a member of that group (Burgess, 2003). The purpose of her research was to talk about discrimination and prejudices and the affect they have on our day to day lives. She also defines prejudiceRead MorePrejudice, Discrimination, And Discrimination1050 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Aversive Prejudice/Discrimination All types of prejudice vary in some ways , some people are very blunt and some people merely whisper under their breath or secretly avoid the people they dislike. This falls more in between those line with this being an example of averise racism specifically â€Å" Aversive racists, in contrast, sympathize with victims of past injustice,support principles of racial equality, and genuinely regard themselves as non-prejudiced, but at the same time possess conflictingRead MoreDiscrimination And Prejudice And Discrimination Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesPeople can be can be prejudice or be discriminatory towards anyone for any reason. Prejudice and discrimination are two very different things, prejudice is the unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group because of their race, sex religion, etc. Discrimination is the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex. It can occur anywhere, in the workplace , shops, restaurants, schools or just walking down the street. OneRead MoreDiscrimination : Prejudice And Discrimination Essay2081 Words   |  9 PagesRunning Head: PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION 1 PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION 8 Prejudice and Discrimination: What?s the Difference? Emily B. Hutchins Salem College Prejudice and Discrimination: What?s the Difference? Prejudice and discrimination are two different actions with similar meanings. A person can have prejudice without acting in a discriminatory manner; however, if someone is discriminating against someone, they have prejudices. A prejudice can start from a stereotype andRead MoreDiscrimination And Prejudice : Discrimination1719 Words   |  7 PagesKendrah Lopez CS – 420 12 Sep. 2017 Discrimination and Prejudice Discrimination and Prejudice I chose discrimination and prejudice for my multicultural paper, because I feel that discrimination and prejudice is the main reason for all the hate in the world. 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This happens because the prejudiceRead MorePrejudice and Discrimination1551 Words   |  7 PagesAnalytical Factsheet on Prejudice amp; Discrimination on Class Inequality Section 1: Executive Summary This essay is about prejudice and discrimination occurring in Singapore context to address Class discrimination. This essay will also show reasons to why prejudice and discrimination occurs and the effects of such inequity can cause to the society. In this case studies possible measures and solutions will be highlighted and suggested. Section 2: The issues and who are involved This essay willRead MorePrejudice, Discrimination, And Institutional Discrimination Essay1438 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s society may believe that prejudice and discrimination mean the same thing and most people may not pay attention to the fact that there is a huge difference between the two terms. The main difference between these terms is, prejudice is a negative idea about a certain group of people or people of a particular race. The person usually doesn’t act on the idea, they mainly just keep it to themselves. Most would describe it as being a â€Å"pre-judgement†. Discrimination, on the other hand, is far muchRead MorePrejudice and Discrimination Essay913 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice and Discrimination Prejudice: 1) an opinion formed without careful thought.2) an unreasonable or unfair feeling (in favour of, or against something). Discrimination : 1) to be the difference between. 2) (with favour of, against ) to treat favourably or unfairly. These are the dictionaries definitions of what the two words mean, obviously very briefly. Different forms of prejudice and discrimination are the underlining of racism, sexism, ageism, nationalismRead MorePrejudice and Discrimination Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesBethany Norris – Unit 1 – Prejudice and Discrimination Part One Prejudice: The dictionary defines prejudice as an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge. This means that a person may form an opinion on a person or a particular group of people without having any facts or knowledge about that person or group. Prejudice is normally perceived as being bad but there are some instances where prejudice is an aid to survival for example

Essay about The Taming Of The Shrew An Analysis of Kate

In Shakespeares comedy, The Taming of the Shrew, Shakespeare has a woman as one of the storys main characters. Katherine Minola (Kate) is off the wall, and kinda crazy. Because of her actions, the â€Å"male centered world† around her doesnt know what to do with her. In the beginning, a lot of what we learn about Kate comes from what other people say about her. In Act I, she is only seen briefly and she speaks even less, but our picture of Kate is pretty clear. Shakespeare, sets up a teaching lesson, helping us to see the mistakes of our own judgment. When Baptista announces that Kate must marry before Bianca may take suitors, Gremio describes Kate by saying Shes too rough for me (1.1.55). Later in the scene, Gremio reiterates his†¦show more content†¦Kate is venting her anger that Bianca should be able to get suitors while she remains alone. Kate knows that she is a smart and fiery woman and wouldnt be satisfied with such wimpy men as Gremio and Hortensio. She need s a strong man to go with her own strong and powerful personality. When Baptista enters and comes to Biancas rescue, we find out what is really the cause of Kates behavior: Shes angry that Baptista likes her younger sister better than her. Kate tells her father, that Bianca is his treasure and must have a husband while she, embarrassed, dances barefoot on her wedding day and leads apes in hell (II.1, 31–36). As the play continues, we learn even more about Kate. For example, when Kate and Petruchio go back to Baptista’s, Kate begins to see how Petruchio operates. She learns that if she does what Petruchio says, even if she knows it is not true, she will get something she wants out of it, like going back to her father’s house. Petruchio test Kate when they meet the real Vincentio on the road and he asks Kate if she has ever seen a finer young women. Knowing what he is up to, Kate shows her amazing wit and decides to play his game. She has figured out that Pet ruchio has a method to his madness and if she plays her cards right, their relationship can be a partnership with a series of actions and rewards. The finalShow MoreRelatedTaming Of The Shrew And The Merchant Of Venice1612 Words   |  7 PagesThe role of woman in the society has always been really controversial, whether it was 400 years ago or now. Shakespeares two very famous comedy plays, The Taming of the Shrew and The Merchant of Venice challenge a very serious social issue, the role and importance of woman in society. We all know the stereotypical image of woman in the society but Shakespeare questions the society on these thoughts through his plays. While Shakespeare expresses his ideas in a very unique way in each of his playsRead MoreTaming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare1671 Words   |  7 PagesKatherina from Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew displays the distinct characteristics which allow her to be placed among the sinners in the Inferno. Kate’s tra gic flaw of being the shrew in the play means she personifies anger. Her anger is clearly seen at the beginning of the play, but appears to lessen during the remaining acts. On the surface it can be easy to conclude that Kate is a shrew no more and her marriage has tamed her. Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew contains clues which can concludeRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew Analysis732 Words   |  3 PagesPerforming Marriage with a Difference: Wooing, Wedding, and Bedding in The Taming of the Shrew Amy L. Smith Even before the recent burgeoning of performance theory, The Taming of the Shrew was of great interest to critics interested in role playing , identity, and theatricality. And because Kates taming and her performative speech both take place in a play-within-a-play, Taming fostered a critical interest in the intersection between performance and gender long before the phrasegender troubleRead More Essay on Taming of the Shrew: Stand by Your Man1402 Words   |  6 Pag esThe Taming of the Shrew:   Stand by Your Man - The Psychotherapist Perspective  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The universal nature of the themes in The Taming of the Shrew,   beg analysis and social critique. This comedic farce, by William Shakespeare, creates an elegant depiction of a modern life and romantic love with all of its masks and pretensions. It is easy to assume the perspective of a psychotherapist while witnessing the drama of Katherine and Petruchio’s love affair unfolding. Concepts like â€Å"emotionalRead MoreGender Roles in the 16th Century1909 Words   |  5 Pagespredominantly appearing in The Taming of the Shrew. As quoted within texts and contexts of this play, the reader becomes aware that The Taming of the Shrew â€Å"participates in a tenacious popular tradition of depicting domestic violence as funny† (Dolan 244). In current times, the idea of domestic violence is contrary to what would be seen as humor, but in the 16th century people were accustomed to this as a value of their everyday life. Through the use of shrew-taming within the play, the audi ence seesRead MoreHow far do you agree with the opinion that courtship and marriage are undermined and ridiculed in ‚Äà ºThe Taming of the Shrew‚Äà ¹?1718 Words   |  7 Pagesundermined and ridiculed in â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew†? Shakespeare’s drama â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew† is set in the Elizabethan era, and marriage and courtship was very different than how it is in the present. Back then it was the parents who picked suitors for their daughters. This choice would be final for the daughters but often women rebelled against the decision as they wanted to choose their own suitors. â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is an example of this. In our â€Å"Taming of the Shrew† this is no different asRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare1382 Words   |  6 PagesIn Shakespeare’s ‘The Taming of the Shrew’, women are shown to be objectified and subservient to men, conforming to the accepted gender roles that are expected of them. Patriarchal views of femininity support the authority of men in society, as well as subjugation and subordination of women. As written of the representation of women in early literature, â€Å"the focus of interest is on the heroin e’s choice of marriage partner, which will decide her ultimate social position and †¦ determine her happinessRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Taming Of The Shrew 849 Words   |  4 PagesHonors Ms. Howard 08.04 Writing about Relevance â€Å"When love speaks the voice of all the gods makes heaven drowsy with the harmony,† Taming of the Shrew, Act IV, scene II. Besides being a well written play, the comedic devices that each act holds is used to help develop the plot and the comedy effect of The Taming of the Shrew. The devices used has shown the audience how the shrew could be changed by receiving the same treatment it has been giving. Shakespeare used comedic devices to help keep the audienceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Shakespeare s Taming Of The Shrew 1140 Words   |  5 PagesThe following paper is an analysis of Katherine and Bianca in Taming of the Shrew. The two sisters have different ideas about marriage and how women should act. Their roles within TS affect how a reader can perceive the book. Bianca is the obedient well-mannered sister, while Kate is the disobedient shrew. This is how the sisters are portrayed in the opening of the play, but in a turn of events their roles are reversed by the end. This analysis will show how each sister played their role,Read MoreTaming Of The Shrew And Richard IIi Essay1437 Words   |  6 Pagesparticularly in Taming of the Shrew and Richard III. In these plays, the art of dissembling plays a pivotal part in the characters of each play; albeit, their execution varies from each other. Foremost, in Taming of the Shrew, whilst most of the characters are arguably considered as dissemblers, the most prominent one is Petruccio. As a dissembler, Petruccio uses language as a means to conceal his purpose and achieve his means – marrying a rich woman (and in this case, Kate) and eventually ‘taming’ her. He

Interviewing Is The American Common Man - 1020 Words

Interviewing is the method of qualitative research that normally comes first to people’s mind. It is much more than merely asking premeditated question after question. Interviewing is an art that requires the ability to quickly create a relationship between two people in order to gain knowledge. There are many techniques when it comes to conducting valuable interviews. Not every technique works for every interviewer and there is more than one right way to interview. For instance, while both Robert Lane, author of Political Ideology: Why the American Common Man Believes What He Does, and Judith Kestenberg author of Children During the Nazi Reign, used interviewing to gain knowledge for the writing of their books, these two authors prove†¦show more content†¦Kestenberg’s participants were offered nothing, but most described a feeling of emotional healing from letting their deeply hidden feelings and experiences out which is an unseen reward in of itself. Deciding a sample size is a vital aspect of researching. Lane gathered all of his information from only 15 people. This is a narrow sample in comparison to Kestenberg who along with her colleagues, collectively interviewed over people who had some relation with the Holocaust. While Lane’s interviews served as the main material for his book meaning he relied on information from only 15 people. He interpreted the responses from the interviews to find the roots of the political belief from his subjects. Kestenberg took her interviews and then analyzed them psychologically, and her broad sample gave her much more information to work with. Of the 15 people that Lane interviewed, all of them were white, male, and married fathers. Eleven out of the fifteen were Catholic and 11 were either Italian or Irish (Western Political Quarterly). This sample is obviously not very diverse in comparison to Kestenberg who interviewed people of both genders from over sixteen countries. Some of her participants were actual child survivors, others were children of child survivors and even more were former Nazi members during the Holocaust. This wide array of participants adds different perspectives to her research, while Lane’s

The Gradual Estrangement of the East and West free essay sample

Prior to the division of the empire, the special position of three bishops known as patriarchs within the church organization was recognized: the Bishop of Rome, the Bishop of Alexandria, and the Bishop of Antioch. At the Council of Chalcedon in 451, two additional patriarchates were recognized: the Bishop of Constantinople and the Bishop of Jerusalem. These patriarchs held authority and Jurisdiction over their tellow bishops in the Church. However, by virtue of his position as the successor of Saint Peter, the Bishop of Rome was held in a higher status and his see was of distinct importance since Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire. While regarded as first among equals in the hierarchy, the Bishop of Rome (the Pope) was not afforded any additional authority or powers. But the authority of the Roman Empire in the West collapsed in the fifth century when the last Emperor, Romulus Augustulus, was definitively deposed by invading barbarians. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gradual Estrangement of the East and West or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The crumbling of the Roman Empire had given way toa mixture of regional governments and barbarian kingships, none of whom had Romes ability to cohesively construct the infrastructure of modern society. In this void, the Pope in Rome assumed a role in governing not only his ecclesiastical subordinates but to secular rulers as well. It was the Papacy that acted as a monarch set up over the church and serviced in ways to provide unity, continuity and stability in the spiritual and political life of Western Europe and centralize the organization and activities of the church in the West. The Greek Patriarchs of the East were not involved in secular politics and governance as the Emperor remained ensconced in the East to maintain order and enforce the law. 4) In the West, the Pope became the absolute authority over all of the Western church, while in the East there remained a sense of a college approach holding to the doctrine that no single person had the ability to make changes in doctrine: that absolute authority rested with the Ecumenical council Just as it had from the times of the Apostles. (5) As long as the Pope did not interfere in the East, the Greek Patriarchs did not object. But conflict ensued when ambition the Pope tried to enforce his claim of supremacy and infallibility upon the East. A second significant political cause of the gradual estrangement of the churches in the east and in the West was the rise of Islam in the seventh century. The Mediterranean had long been the established connection between the East and the West for both cultural and economic prosperity. With the invasion of Islam from Arabia, the Mediterranean passed in to Arab control and effectively cut off this vital connection along with the consequent commerce and free exchange. At the ermination of the Islamic advance, the patriarchates in Jerusalem, Antioch and Alexandria were forfeited and innumerable Christians were living in the east under Islamic control (6) Isolated from each other the Western church proceeded to establish a Roman Empire of its own while the Eastern church consolidated itself and regrouped in order to once again establish their authority over the remnants of Christendom spared by the Muslim conquest. The largest single cultural issue to impact the estrangement of the Roman Catholic and the Greek Orthodox churches may have been language. At its core, language is an instrument of communication. Additionally, language shapes ideas and contributes to the formation and expression of thoughts. Deeper still, language is a symbol of culture and played a large role in the esteem held for each other by the Latin and the Greek Church. Dating back to Apostolic time the Roman Empire itself united the church and culture linguistically. Latin and Greek were understood throughout the Empire with Greek being the predominant language of business and commerce and Latin reserved for administrative and Judicial purposes. However, by the year 450, educated men were o longer bilingual and few in the West could read Greek. After 600, few in the East could or would speak Latin even though they considered themselves to be a part ot the Roman Empire. (7) In the end, the West was completely Latinized while Greek became the prevailing language in the East. Christendom was split in two corresponding to linguistic boundaries. Language is a symbol of culture and shapes ideas. The difficulties of language can be subtle and intricate.